В. Поддержание протонного градиента

Протонные градиенты формируются различными способами. Необычным протонным насосом является бактериородопсин (1), использующий энергию света (см. Кровь: состав и функции). При фотосинтезе (см. Транспорт газов) восстановленный пластохинон (QH2) переносит протоны вместе с электронами через мембрану (Q-цикл, 2). Образование протонного градиента в дыхательной цепи (см. Белки главного комплекса гисто-совместимости) также сопряжено с окислительно-восстановительным процессом. В комплексе III, по-видимому, как и при фотосинтезе, за перенос протона ответствен Q-цикл (не показано). В цитохром c-оксидазе (комплекс IV, 3) Н+-транспорт сопряжён с электронным потоком от цитохрома с на O2.

В каждом из этих случаев протонный градиент используется в синтезе АТФ АТФ-синтазой (4). АТФ-синтаза состоит из двух компонентов: канала протонов (F0) и управляемого им белкового комплекса (F1), который трансформирует энергию потока протонов через мембрану в химическую энергию АТФ (см. Синтез АТФ).


Метаболизм. Энергетика / Сохранение энергии на мембранах

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