А. Транскрипция и созревание РНК: общие сведения

Транскрипция осуществляется ДНК-зависимыми РНК-полимеразами. Они действуют подобно ДНК-полимеразам (см. Репликация), за исключением того, что включают во вновь синтезируемую цепь РНК (RNA) рибонуклеотиды вместо дезоксирибонуклеотидов и не нуждаются в праймерах. Эукариотические клетки обычно содержат по крайней мере три различных типа РНК-полимераз. РНК-полимераза I катализирует синтез РНК с коэффициентом седиментации 45S (см. Центрифугирование), которая служит предшественником трёх различных рибосомных РНК (см. Рибосомы: инициация трансляции). РНК-полимеразы II синтезируют гяРНК (hnRNA), которые служат предшественниками мРНК (mRNA) и мяРНК (snRNA) (подробнее см. Созревание РНК).

Наконец, РНК-полимераза III транскрибирует гены, которые кодируют тРНК (tRNA), 5S- рРНК (rRNA) и некоторые мяРНК. Эти РНК служат предшественниками функциональных РНК, которые образуются в процессе созревания РНК. РНК-полимераза II ингибируется α-аманитином (ядом бледной поганки).


Молекулярная генетика / Транскрипция

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